This commit removes most `try` logic that relies on `MethodNotDefined`
exceptions to determine which `Op`s and `Type`s actually have C
implementations.

Some complementary changes that were needed along the way:
- Updates to the CLinkerType interface to include an optional `c_compiler`
argument.
- Provide no-op default implementations for `CLinkerObject`, `CLinkerOp`, and
`CLinkerType` methods.