Remove Variable.fgraph and Variable.clients properties

This change requires the addition of an `fgraph` argument to the
`Op.infer_shape` method used by `ShapeFeature`.

These tests made unnecessary assumptions about results derived from unrelated
optimizations, so any changes to the those optimizations would cause the tests
to fail--even when the actual functionality being tested would succeed.

This commit removes uses of `pre_greedy_local_optimizer` and
`pre_constant_merge` that needlessly introduce complexity into the
optimization process through in-place graph changes that occur completely
outside of the optimization/`FunctionGraph` framework.

Closes #190.

These tests actually confirm that `pre_greedy_local_optimizer` traverses a graph
and applies optimizations, and that it avoids terms in a given `FunctionGraph`.

Refactor tests.tensor.nnet optimization tests

Implement a JAX conversion for the Scan Op

Choose operator now accepts tuples and lists of scalars

* ignore Sandbox notebooks & vs code cache

* add notebook for class hierarchy visualization

Update `FunctionGraph` interface and add tests

This commit does the following:
- changes `r` to `var`,
- adds missing docstrings,
- and removes unnecessary dunder method names.

Use isinstance to check types in Type filter methods