LOTS of mutable default argument fixes.

doc/proposals/graphical_models.txt

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ In this way, we could express something like Logistic Regression like this:
         def sample(self, n):
             """[Symbolically] draw a sample of size n"""
 
-        def density(self, pt, givens={}):
+        def density(self, pt, givens=None):
             """Conditional Density/Probability of P(self=pt)
 
             Implicitly conditioned on knowing the values of all variables

doc/proposals/pfunc.txt

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Corner cases and exotic examples can be found in the tests.
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
-    def pfunc(params, outputs, mode=None, givens={}, updates=[])
+    def pfunc(params, outputs, mode=None, givens=None, updates=None)
         """Function-constructor for graphs with shared variables.
     
         :type params: list of either Variable or Param instances.

theano/compile/debugmode.py

@@ -1417,7 +1417,9 @@ class _Linker(gof.link.LocalLinker):
         self.env = None
         self.maker = maker
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=[]):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             assert type(self) is _Linker
             return type(self)(self.env, self.maker).accept(env, no_recycling)

theano/compile/function.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from profiling import ProfileStats
 from pfunc import pfunc
 from numpy import any #for to work in python 2.4
 
-def function(inputs, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=[], givens=[],
+def function(inputs, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=None, givens=None,
              no_default_updates=False, accept_inplace=False, name=None,
              rebuild_strict=True, allow_input_downcast=None, profile=None,
              on_unused_input='raise'):
@@ -80,7 +80,11 @@ def function(inputs, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=[], givens=[],
     """
     #tuple are used in some tests, as we accepted them in the past
     #I prefer to allow it as they act the same as list for what they are used.
-    if not isinstance(inputs,(list,tuple)):
+    if updates is None:
+        updates = []
+    if givens is None:
+        givens = []
+    if not isinstance(inputs, (list, tuple)):
         raise Exception("Inputs variable of a Theano function should be contained in a list, even when there is a single input.")
 
     # compute some features of the arguments:

theano/compile/module.py

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ class Method(Component):
     mode=None
     """This will override the Module compilation mode for this Method"""
 
-    def __init__(self, inputs, outputs, updates = {}, mode=None):
+    def __init__(self, inputs, outputs, updates=None, mode=None):
         """Initialize attributes
         :param inputs: value for `Method.inputs`
 
@@ -283,6 +283,8 @@ class Method(Component):
         :type mode: None or any mode accepted by `compile.function`
 
         """
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = {}
         super(Method, self).__init__()
         self.inputs = inputs
         self.outputs = outputs
@@ -589,7 +591,7 @@ class Composite(Component):
             else:
                 yield component
 
-    def flat_components_map(self, include_self = False, path = []):
+    def flat_components_map(self, include_self=False, path=None):
         """
         Generator that yields (path, component) pairs in a flattened
         hierarchy of composites and components, where path is a
@@ -600,6 +602,8 @@ class Composite(Component):
         If include_self is True, the list will include the Composite
         instances, else it will only yield the list of leaves.
         """
+        if path is None:
+            path = []
         if include_self:
             yield path, self
         for name, component in self.components_map():
@@ -758,7 +762,9 @@ class ComponentList(Composite):
             member.name = '%s.%i' % (name, i)
 
 
-def default_initialize(self, init = {}, **kwinit):
+def default_initialize(self, init=None, **kwinit):
+    if init is None:
+        init = {}
     for k, initv in dict(init, **kwinit).iteritems():
         self[k] = initv
 
@@ -788,7 +794,9 @@ class ComponentDictInstance(ComponentDictInstanceNoInit):
     ComponentDictInstance is meant to be instantiated by ComponentDict.
     """
 
-    def initialize(self, init={}, **kwinit):
+    def initialize(self, init=None, **kwinit):
+        if init is None:
+            init = {}
         for k, initv in dict(init, **kwinit).iteritems():
             self[k] = initv
 
@@ -797,7 +805,9 @@ class ComponentDictInstance(ComponentDictInstanceNoInit):
 class ComponentDict(Composite):
     InstanceType = ComponentDictInstance # Type used by build() to make the instance
 
-    def __init__(self, components = {}, **kwcomponents):
+    def __init__(self, components=None, **kwcomponents):
+        if components is None:
+            components = {}
         super(ComponentDict, self).__init__()
         components = dict(components, **kwcomponents)
         for val in components.itervalues():
@@ -1077,10 +1087,12 @@ class Module(ComponentDict):
         memo[self] = inst
         return inst
 
-    def _instance_initialize(self, inst, init = {}, **kwinit):
+    def _instance_initialize(self, inst, init=None, **kwinit):
         """
         Default initialization method.
         """
+        if init is None:
+            init = {}
         for name, value in chain(init.iteritems(), kwinit.iteritems()):
             inst[name] = value
 

theano/compile/pfunc.py

@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class Param(object):
         self.implicit = implicit
 
 
-def pfunc(params, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=[], givens=[],
+def pfunc(params, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=None, givens=None,
         no_default_updates=False, accept_inplace=False, name=None,
         rebuild_strict=True, allow_input_downcast=None,
         profile=None, on_unused_input='raise'):
@@ -405,6 +405,10 @@ def pfunc(params, outputs=None, mode=None, updates=[], givens=[],
     # Then it clones the outputs and the update expressions.  This rebuilds a computation graph
     # from the inputs and the givens.
     #
+    if updates is None:
+        updates = []
+    if givens is None:
+        givens = []
     if profile is None:
         profile = config.profile
         # profile -> True or False

theano/gof/cc.py

@@ -402,8 +402,10 @@ class CLinker(link.Linker):
     def __init__(self):
         self.env = None
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=[]):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
         """WRITEME"""
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling =  []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)().accept(env, no_recycling)
             #raise Exception("Cannot accept from a Linker that is already"
@@ -987,12 +989,18 @@ class CLinker(link.Linker):
                           )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def cmodule_key_(env, no_recycling, compile_args=[], libraries=[],
-                     header_dirs=[], insert_config_md5=True):
+    def cmodule_key_(env, no_recycling, compile_args=None, libraries=None,
+                     header_dirs=None, insert_config_md5=True):
         """
         Do the actual computation of cmodule_key in a static method
         to allow it to be reused in scalar.Composite.__eq__
         """
+        if compile_args is None:
+            compile_args = []
+        if libraries is None:
+            libraries = []
+        if header_dirs is None:
+            header_dirs = []
         order = list(env.toposort())
         #set of variables that have been computed by nodes we have
         # seen 'so far' in the loop below
@@ -1381,7 +1389,9 @@ class OpWiseCLinker(link.LocalLinker):
         self.nice_errors = nice_errors
         self.allow_gc = allow_gc
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=[]):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)(self.fallback_on_perform).accept(env,
                                                                no_recycling)
@@ -1519,7 +1529,9 @@ class DualLinker(link.Linker):
         self.env = None
         self.checker = checker
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=[]):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)(self.checker).accept(env, no_recycling)
             # raise Exception("Cannot accept from a Linker that is already "

theano/gof/env.py

@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Env(utils.object2):
     ### Special ###
     # TODO: document which things that features can do to the env
 
-    def __init__(self, inputs, outputs, features=[]):
+    def __init__(self, inputs, outputs, features=None):
         """
         Create an Env which operates on the subgraph bound by the inputs and outputs
         sets.
@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ class Env(utils.object2):
 
         """
 
+        if features is None:
+            features = []
+
+        # XXX: What the hell? Was the features argument never used?
         self._features = []
 
         # All nodes in the subgraph defined by inputs and outputs are cached in nodes

theano/gof/graph.py

@@ -675,9 +675,11 @@ def general_toposort(r_out, deps, debug_print = False):
     return rlist
 
 
-def io_toposort(i, o, orderings = {}):
+def io_toposort(i, o, orderings=None):
     """WRITEME
     """
+    if orderings is None:
+        orderings = {}
     #the inputs are used only here in the function that decides what 'predecessors' to explore
     iset = set(i)
     def deps(obj):
@@ -701,7 +703,7 @@ default_node_formatter = lambda op, argstrings: "%s(%s)" % (op.op,
                                                             ", ".join(argstrings))
 
 
-def is_same_graph(var1, var2, givens={}, debug=False):
+def is_same_graph(var1, var2, givens=None, debug=False):
     """
     Return True iff Variables `var1` and `var2` perform the same computation.
 
@@ -740,6 +742,8 @@ def is_same_graph(var1, var2, givens={}, debug=False):
         ======  ======  ======  ======
     """
     # Lazy import.
+    if givens is None:
+        givens = {}
     global equal_computations, is_same_graph_with_merge
     if equal_computations is None:
         from theano.gof.opt import is_same_graph_with_merge

theano/gof/link.py

@@ -299,7 +299,8 @@ def map_storage(env, order, input_storage, output_storage):
 
     return input_storage, output_storage, storage_map
 
-def streamline(env, thunks, order, post_thunk_old_storage = None, no_recycling = [], profiler = None, nice_errors = True):
+def streamline(env, thunks, order, post_thunk_old_storage=None,
+               no_recycling=None, profiler=None, nice_errors=True):
     """WRITEME
 
     :param env:
@@ -320,6 +321,8 @@ def streamline(env, thunks, order, post_thunk_old_storage = None, no_recycling =
     :param nice_errors: run in such a way that the double-traceback is printed.  This costs a
     bit of performance in the inner python loop.
     """
+    if no_recycling is None:
+        no_recycling = []
     if profiler is not None:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
@@ -419,7 +422,7 @@ class PerformLinker(LocalLinker):
         self.env = None
         self.allow_gc = allow_gc
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling = []):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
         """
         :param env: a PerformLinker can have accepted one Env instance at a time.
 
@@ -427,6 +430,8 @@ class PerformLinker(LocalLinker):
 
         :returns: self (TODO: WHY? Who calls this function?)
         """
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)().accept(env, no_recycling)
             #raise Exception("Cannot accept from a Linker that is already tied to another Env.")
@@ -548,7 +553,7 @@ class WrapLinker(Linker):
         self.linkers = linkers
         self.wrapper = wrapper
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling = []):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
         """
         @type env: gof.Env
         @param env: the env which we will link
@@ -560,6 +565,8 @@ class WrapLinker(Linker):
         the computation to avoid reusing it.
 
         """
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)(self.linkers, self.wrapper).accept(env, no_recycling)
 

theano/gof/opt.py

@@ -348,12 +348,14 @@ class MergeOptimizer(Optimizer):
 merge_optimizer = MergeOptimizer()
 
 
-def is_same_graph_with_merge(var1, var2, givens={}):
+def is_same_graph_with_merge(var1, var2, givens=None):
     """
     Merge-based implementation of `theano.gof.graph.is_same_graph`.
 
     See help on `theano.gof.graph.is_same_graph` for additional documentation.
     """
+    if givens is None:
+        givens = {}
     # Copy variables since the MergeOptimizer will modify them.
     copied = copy.deepcopy([var1, var2, givens])
     vars = copied[0:2]
@@ -475,7 +477,9 @@ class LocalOptimizer(object):
 
 class FromFunctionLocalOptimizer(LocalOptimizer):
     """WRITEME"""
-    def __init__(self, fn, tracks = []):
+    def __init__(self, fn, tracks=None):
+        if tracks is None:
+            tracks = []
         self.transform = fn
         self._tracks = tracks
     def tracks(self):

theano/gof/tests/test_destroyhandler.py

@@ -40,9 +40,18 @@ def MyValue(data):
 
 class MyOp(Op):
 
-    def __init__(self, nin, name, vmap = {}, dmap = {}, nout = 1,
-            destroyhandler_tolerate_same = [],
-            destroyhandler_tolerate_aliased = []):
+    def __init__(self, nin, name, vmap=None, dmap=None, nout=1,
+                 destroyhandler_tolerate_same=None,
+                 destroyhandler_tolerate_aliased=None):
+        if vmap is None:
+            vmap = {}
+        if dmap is None:
+            dmap = {}
+        if destroyhandler_tolerate_same is None:
+            destroyhandler_tolerate_same = []
+        if destroyhandler_tolerate_aliased is None:
+            destroyhandler_tolerate_aliased = []
+
         self.nin = nin
         self.nout = nout
         self.name = name

theano/gof/tests/test_opt.py

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ def MyVariable(name):
 
 class MyOp(Op):
 
-    def __init__(self, name, dmap = {}, x = None):
+    def __init__(self, name, dmap=None, x=None):
         self.name = name
-        self.destroy_map = dmap
+        self.destroy_map = dmap if dmap is not None else {}
         self.x = x
 
     def make_node(self, *inputs):

theano/gof/vm.py

@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ class VM_Linker(link.LocalLinker):
         self.callback = callback
         self.updated_vars = {}
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=[]):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
         """
         :param env: a PerformLinker can have accepted one Env instance
             at a time.
@@ -438,6 +438,8 @@ class VM_Linker(link.LocalLinker):
 
         :returns: self (TODO: WHY? Who calls this function?)
         """
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         if self.env is not None and self.env is not env:
             return type(self)().accept(env, no_recycling)
         self.env = env

theano/misc/pycuda_example.py

@@ -88,10 +88,12 @@ class PycudaElemwiseKernelOp(GpuOp):
     nin = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nin)
     nout = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nout)
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern={}, name=None):
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern=None, name=None):
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         self.name = name
         self.scalar_op = scalar_op
-        self.inplace_pattern = None
+        self.inplace_pattern = inplace_pattern
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.name is None:
@@ -172,10 +174,12 @@ class PycudaElemwiseSourceModuleOp(GpuOp):
     nin = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nin)
     nout = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nout)
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern={}, name=None):
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern=None, name=None):
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         self.name = name
         self.scalar_op = scalar_op
-        self.inplace_pattern = None
+        self.inplace_pattern = inplace_pattern
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.name is None:
@@ -264,10 +268,12 @@ class PycudaElemwiseSourceModuleMakeThunkOp(Op):
     nin = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nin)
     nout = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nout)
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern={}, name=None):
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern=None, name=None):
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         self.name = name
         self.scalar_op = scalar_op
-        self.inplace_pattern = None
+        self.inplace_pattern = inplace_pattern
 
     def __str__(self):
         if self.name is None:

theano/printing.py

@@ -170,14 +170,18 @@ class Print(Op):
 
 class PrinterState(gof.utils.scratchpad):
 
-    def __init__(self, props={}, **more_props):
+    def __init__(self, props=None, **more_props):
+        if props is None:
+            props = {}
         if isinstance(props, gof.utils.scratchpad):
             self.__update__(props)
         else:
             self.__dict__.update(props)
         self.__dict__.update(more_props)
 
-    def clone(self, props={}, **more_props):
+    def clone(self, props=None, **more_props):
+        if props is None:
+            props = {}
         return PrinterState(self, **dict(props, **more_props))
 
 
@@ -359,8 +363,10 @@ class PPrinter:
         cp.assign(condition, printer)
         return cp
 
-    def process_graph(self, inputs, outputs, updates={},
+    def process_graph(self, inputs, outputs, updates=None,
                       display_inputs=False):
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = {}
         if not isinstance(inputs, (list, tuple)):
             inputs = [inputs]
         if not isinstance(outputs, (list, tuple)):

theano/sandbox/cuda/basic_ops.py

@@ -130,10 +130,12 @@ class GpuElemwise(GpuOp):
     nin = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nin)
     nout = property(lambda self: self.scalar_op.nout)
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern={}, sync=None):
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern=None, sync=None):
         #TODO-- this looks like a bug-- either we should use the sync argument
         # or get rid of it, we shouldn't let the client think they can control
         #sync when they can't
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         sync = config.gpuelemwise.sync
 
         self.scalar_op = scalar_op

theano/sandbox/cuda/elemwise.py

@@ -39,11 +39,13 @@ class NaiveAlgo(object):
     #cache_version = ()
     cache_version = (15, verbose)
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, sync=True, inplace_pattern={}):
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, sync=True, inplace_pattern=None):
         """
         :param scalar_op: the scalar operation to execute on each element.
         :param sync: if True, will wait after the kernel launch and check for error call.
         """
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         try:
             code = scalar_op.c_support_code_apply(None, "nodename")
             if code:

theano/sandbox/cuda/tests/test_bench_loopfusion.py

@@ -54,9 +54,14 @@ class Kouh2008(object):
         _logger.debug('output dtype %s' % output.dtype)
 
     @classmethod
-    def new_expbounds(cls, rng, x_list, n_out, dtype=None, params=[], updates=[], exponent_range=(1.0, 3.0)):
+    def new_expbounds(cls, rng, x_list, n_out, dtype=None, params=None,
+                      updates=None, exponent_range=(1.0, 3.0)):
         """
         """
+        if params is None:
+            params = []
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = []
         if dtype is None:
             dtype = x_list[0].dtype
         n_terms = len(x_list)

theano/sandbox/debug.py

@@ -42,10 +42,12 @@ class DebugLinker(gof.WrapLinker):
         if compare_variables is not None:
             self.debug_post.append(self.compare_variables)
 
-    def accept(self, env, no_recycling = []):
+    def accept(self, env, no_recycling=None):
+        if no_recycling is None:
+            no_recycling = []
         return gof.WrapLinker.accept(self,
-                                     env = env,
-                                     no_recycling = no_recycling)
+                                     env=env,
+                                     no_recycling=no_recycling)
 
     def store_value(self, i, node, *thunks):
         th1 = thunks[0]
@@ -165,7 +167,9 @@ def numpy_compare(a, b, tolerance = 1e-6):
         return a == b
 
 
-def numpy_debug_linker(pre, post = []):
+def numpy_debug_linker(pre, post=None):
+    if post is None:
+        post = []
     return DebugLinker([gof.OpWiseCLinker],
                        pre,
                        post,

theano/sandbox/symbolic_module.py

@@ -96,10 +96,12 @@ def compile_fn(f, path_locals, common_inputs):
     updated = []
     return compiled_f, updated
 
-def compile(smod, initial_values={}):
+def compile(smod, initial_values=None):
     """
     :type values: dictionary Variable -> value
     """
+    if initial_values is None:
+        initial_values = {}
     def sym_items(mod):
         for k in mod.__dict__:
             if k in ['__module__', 'build_graph', '__doc__']:

theano/sandbox/test_rng_mrg.py

@@ -281,8 +281,10 @@ def test_consistency_GPU_parallel():
     samples = numpy.array(samples).flatten()
     assert(numpy.allclose(samples, java_samples))
 
-def basictest(f, steps, sample_size, prefix="", allow_01=False, inputs=[],
+def basictest(f, steps, sample_size, prefix="", allow_01=False, inputs=None,
               target_avg=0.5, target_std=None, mean_rtol=0.01):
+    if inputs is None:
+        inputs = []
     dt = 0.0
     avg_std = 0.0
 

theano/sandbox/theano_object.py

@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ class RVal(object):
     computed value of the Variable ``v``.
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, outputs, updates={}):
+    def __init__(self, outputs, updates=None):
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = {}
         self.outputs = outputs
         assert type(updates) is dict
         self.updates = updates

theano/scan_module/scan_utils.py

@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ def infer_shape(outs, inputs, input_shapes):
 
 
 class Validator(object):
-    def __init__(self, valid=[], invalid=[], valid_equivalent={}):
+    def __init__(self, valid=None, invalid=None, valid_equivalent=None):
         '''
         Check if variables can be expressed without using variables in invalid.
 
@@ -462,6 +462,13 @@ class Validator(object):
         variables to valid ones that can be used instead.
         '''
 
+        if valid is None:
+            valid = []
+        if invalid is None:
+            invalid = []
+        if valid_equivalent is None:
+            valid_equivalent = {}
+
         # Nodes that are valid to have in the graph computing outputs
         self.valid = set(valid)
 

theano/tensor/deprecated/rmodule.py

@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ rk = RandomKit('rk', 0xBAD5EED)
 class RModule(Module):
     """Module providing random number streams in Theano graphs."""
 
-    def __init__(self, components = {}, **kwcomponents):
+    def __init__(self, components=None, **kwcomponents):
+        if components is None:
+            components = {}
         super(RModule, self).__init__(components, **kwcomponents)
         self.random = RandomKit('rkit')
         self._rkit = KitComponent(self.random)

theano/tensor/elemwise.py

@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class Elemwise(Op):
       Elemwise(log)(rand(3, 4, 5))
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern={}, name=None,
+    def __init__(self, scalar_op, inplace_pattern=None, name=None,
             nfunc_spec=None):
         """
         Usage: Elemwise(scalar_op, inplace_pattern = {})
@@ -451,6 +451,8 @@ class Elemwise(Op):
             NOTE: as of now, the sign of the nout field is ignored (some work
             needs to be done to resize the destinations when needed).
         """
+        if inplace_pattern is None:
+            inplace_pattern = {}
         self.name = name
         self.scalar_op = scalar_op
         self.inplace_pattern = inplace_pattern

theano/tensor/nnet/tests/test_sigm.py

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class T_softplus(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class T_sigmoid_opts(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    def get_mode(self, excluding=[]):
+    def get_mode(self, excluding=None):
         """
         Return appropriate mode for the tests.
 
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ class T_sigmoid_opts(unittest.TestCase):
         set to 'FAST_COMPILE' (in which case it is replaced by the 'FAST_RUN'
         mode), without the optimizations specified in `excluding`.
         """
+        if excluding is None:
+            excluding = []
         m = theano.config.mode
         if m == 'FAST_COMPILE':
             mode = theano.compile.mode.get_mode('FAST_RUN')

theano/tensor/tests/test_basic.py

@@ -173,9 +173,19 @@ def safe_make_node(op, *inputs):
         return node.owner
 
 
-def makeTester(name, op, expected, checks={}, good={}, bad_build={},
-               bad_runtime={}, grad={}, mode=None, grad_rtol=None,
+def makeTester(name, op, expected, checks=None, good=None, bad_build=None,
+               bad_runtime=None, grad=None, mode=None, grad_rtol=None,
                eps=1e-10, skip=False):
+    if checks is None:
+        checks = {}
+    if good is None:
+        good = {}
+    if bad_build is None:
+        bad_build = {}
+    if bad_runtime is None:
+        bad_runtime = {}
+    if grad is None:
+        grad = {}
     if grad is True:
         grad = good
 
@@ -400,7 +410,9 @@ def rand_of_dtype(shape, dtype):
         raise TypeError()
 
 
-def makeBroadcastTester(op, expected, checks={}, name=None, **kwargs):
+def makeBroadcastTester(op, expected, checks=None, name=None, **kwargs):
+    if checks is None:
+        checks = {}
     if name is None:
         name = str(op)
     # Here we ensure the test name matches the name of the variable defined in
@@ -575,10 +587,12 @@ MulInplaceTester = makeBroadcastTester(op = inplace.mul_inplace,
                                          inplace = True)
 
 
-def copymod(dct, without=[], **kwargs):
+def copymod(dct, without=None, **kwargs):
     """Return dct but with the keys named by args removed, and with
     kwargs added.
     """
+    if without is None:
+        without = []
     rval = copy(dct)
     for a in without:
         if a in rval:

theano/tensor/tests/test_blas.py

@@ -1427,7 +1427,9 @@ class TestGer(TestCase, unittest_tools.TestOptimizationMixin):
         self.ger_destructive = ger_destructive
         self.gemm = gemm_no_inplace
 
-    def function(self, inputs, outputs, updates={}):
+    def function(self, inputs, outputs, updates=None):
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = {}
         return theano.function(inputs, outputs, self.mode, updates=updates)
 
     def b(self, bval):

theano/tensor/tests/test_merge.py

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ class MyType(Type):
 
 class MyOp(Op):
 
-    def __init__(self, name, dmap = {}, x = None):
+    def __init__(self, name, dmap=None, x=None):
+        if dmap is None:
+            dmap = {}
         self.name = name
         self.destroy_map = dmap
         self.x = x