Fix UP031 with `ruff --unsafe-fixes`

pyproject.toml

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ disable = ["C0330", "C0326"]
 
 [tool.ruff]
 select = ["C", "E", "F", "I", "UP", "W"]
-ignore = ["C408", "C901", "E501", "E741", "UP031"]
+ignore = ["C408", "C901", "E501", "E741"]
 exclude = ["doc/", "pytensor/_version.py", "bin/pytensor_cache.py"]
 
 

pytensor/compile/builders.py

@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ class OpFromGraph(Op, HasInnerGraph):
     def __str__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__name__ if self.name is None else self.name
         is_inline = self.is_inline
-        return "%(name)s{inline=%(is_inline)s}" % locals()
+        return "{name}{{inline={is_inline}}}".format(**locals())
 
     @config.change_flags(compute_test_value="off")
     def _recompute_lop_op(self):

pytensor/link/c/basic.py

@@ -250,33 +250,30 @@ def struct_gen(args, struct_builders, blocks, sub):
     # that holds the type, the value and the traceback. After storing
     # the error, we return the failure code so we know which code
     # block failed.
-    do_return = (
-        """
-        if (%(failure_var)s) {
+    do_return = """
+        if ({failure_var}) {{
             // When there is a failure, this code puts the exception
             // in __ERROR.
             PyObject* err_type = NULL;
             PyObject* err_msg = NULL;
             PyObject* err_traceback = NULL;
             PyErr_Fetch(&err_type, &err_msg, &err_traceback);
-            if (!err_type) {err_type = Py_None;Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
-            if (!err_msg) {err_msg = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
-            if (!err_traceback) {err_traceback = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}
+            if (!err_type) {{err_type = Py_None;Py_INCREF(Py_None);}}
+            if (!err_msg) {{err_msg = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}}
+            if (!err_traceback) {{err_traceback = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);}}
             PyObject* old_err_type = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 0);
             PyObject* old_err_msg = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 1);
             PyObject* old_err_traceback = PyList_GET_ITEM(__ERROR, 2);
             PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 0, err_type);
             PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 1, err_msg);
             PyList_SET_ITEM(__ERROR, 2, err_traceback);
-            {Py_XDECREF(old_err_type);}
-            {Py_XDECREF(old_err_msg);}
-            {Py_XDECREF(old_err_traceback);}
-        }
+            {{Py_XDECREF(old_err_type);}}
+            {{Py_XDECREF(old_err_msg);}}
+            {{Py_XDECREF(old_err_traceback);}}
+        }}
         // The failure code is returned to index what code block failed.
-        return %(failure_var)s;
-        """
-        % sub
-    )
+        return {failure_var};
+        """.format(**sub)
 
     sub = dict(sub)
     sub.update(locals())
@@ -284,16 +281,15 @@ def struct_gen(args, struct_builders, blocks, sub):
     # TODO: add some error checking to make sure storage_<x> are
     # 1-element lists and __ERROR is a 3-elements list.
 
-    struct_code = (
-        """
-    namespace {
-    struct %(name)s {
+    struct_code = """
+    namespace {{
+    struct {name} {{
         PyObject* __ERROR;
 
-        %(storage_decl)s
-        %(struct_decl)s
+        {storage_decl}
+        {struct_decl}
 
-        %(name)s() {
+        {name}() {{
             // This is only somewhat safe because we:
             //  1) Are not a virtual class
             //  2) Do not use any virtual classes in the members
@@ -306,32 +302,30 @@ def struct_gen(args, struct_builders, blocks, sub):
             #ifndef PYTENSOR_DONT_MEMSET_STRUCT
             memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this));
             #endif
-        }
-        ~%(name)s(void) {
+        }}
+        ~{name}(void) {{
             cleanup();
-        }
+        }}
 
-        int init(PyObject* __ERROR, %(args_decl)s) {
-            %(storage_incref)s
-            %(storage_set)s
-            %(struct_init_head)s
+        int init(PyObject* __ERROR, {args_decl}) {{
+            {storage_incref}
+            {storage_set}
+            {struct_init_head}
             this->__ERROR = __ERROR;
             return 0;
-        }
-        void cleanup(void) {
-            %(struct_cleanup)s
-            %(storage_decref)s
-        }
-        int run(void) {
-            int %(failure_var)s = 0;
-            %(behavior)s
-            %(do_return)s
-        }
-    };
-    }
-    """
-        % sub
-    )
+        }}
+        void cleanup(void) {{
+            {struct_cleanup}
+            {storage_decref}
+        }}
+        int run(void) {{
+            int {failure_var} = 0;
+            {behavior}
+            {do_return}
+        }}
+    }};
+    }}
+    """.format(**sub)
 
     return struct_code
 
@@ -380,9 +374,9 @@ def get_c_init(fgraph, r, name, sub):
     pre = (
         ""
         """
-    py_%(name)s = Py_None;
-    {Py_XINCREF(py_%(name)s);}
-    """ % locals()
+    py_{name} = Py_None;
+    {{Py_XINCREF(py_{name});}}
+    """.format(**locals())
     )
     return pre + r.type.c_init(name, sub)
 
@@ -418,9 +412,9 @@ def get_c_extract(fgraph, r, name, sub):
         c_extract = r.type.c_extract(name, sub, False)
 
     pre = """
-    py_%(name)s = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_%(name)s, 0);
-    {Py_XINCREF(py_%(name)s);}
-    """ % locals()
+    py_{name} = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_{name}, 0);
+    {{Py_XINCREF(py_{name});}}
+    """.format(**locals())
     return pre + c_extract
 
 
@@ -447,9 +441,9 @@ def get_c_extract_out(fgraph, r, name, sub):
         c_extract = r.type.c_extract_out(name, sub, check_input, check_broadcast=False)
 
     pre = """
-    py_%(name)s = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_%(name)s, 0);
-    {Py_XINCREF(py_%(name)s);}
-    """ % locals()
+    py_{name} = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_{name}, 0);
+    {{Py_XINCREF(py_{name});}}
+    """.format(**locals())
     return pre + c_extract
 
 
@@ -459,8 +453,8 @@ def get_c_cleanup(fgraph, r, name, sub):
 
     """
     post = """
-    {Py_XDECREF(py_%(name)s);}
-    """ % locals()
+    {{Py_XDECREF(py_{name});}}
+    """.format(**locals())
     return r.type.c_cleanup(name, sub) + post
 
 
@@ -470,14 +464,14 @@ def get_c_sync(fgraph, r, name, sub):
 
     """
     return """
-    if (!%(failure_var)s) {
-      %(sync)s
-      PyObject* old = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_%(name)s, 0);
-      {Py_XINCREF(py_%(name)s);}
-      PyList_SET_ITEM(storage_%(name)s, 0, py_%(name)s);
-      {Py_XDECREF(old);}
-    }
-    """ % dict(sync=r.type.c_sync(name, sub), name=name, **sub)
+    if (!{failure_var}) {{
+      {sync}
+      PyObject* old = PyList_GET_ITEM(storage_{name}, 0);
+      {{Py_XINCREF(py_{name});}}
+      PyList_SET_ITEM(storage_{name}, 0, py_{name});
+      {{Py_XDECREF(old);}}
+    }}
+    """.format(**dict(sync=r.type.c_sync(name, sub), name=name, **sub))
 
 
 def apply_policy(fgraph, policy, r, name, sub):

pytensor/link/c/cmodule.py

@@ -1950,14 +1950,13 @@ class Compiler:
 
         code = (
             """
-        %(preamble)s
+        {preamble}
         int main(int argc, char** argv)
-        {
-            %(body)s
+        {{
+            {body}
             return 0;
-        }
-        """
-            % locals()
+        }}
+        """.format(**locals())
         ).encode()
         return cls._try_compile_tmp(
             code,

pytensor/link/c/interface.py

@@ -558,19 +558,21 @@ class CLinkerType(CLinkerObject):
 
         """
         return """
-        if (py_%(name)s == Py_None)
-        {
-            %(c_init_code)s
-        }
+        if (py_{name} == Py_None)
+        {{
+            {c_init_code}
+        }}
         else
-        {
-            %(c_extract_code)s
-        }
-        """ % dict(
+        {{
+            {c_extract_code}
+        }}
+        """.format(
+            **dict(
                 name=name,
                 c_init_code=self.c_init(name, sub),
                 c_extract_code=self.c_extract(name, sub, check_input),
             )
+        )
 
     def c_cleanup(self, name: str, sub: dict[str, str]) -> str:
         """Return C code to clean up after :meth:`CLinkerType.c_extract`.

pytensor/link/c/op.py

@@ -596,14 +596,15 @@ class ExternalCOp(COp):
 
             # Generate the C code
             return """
-                %(define_macros)s
-                {
-                  if (%(func_name)s(%(func_args)s%(params)s) != 0) {
-                    %(fail)s
-                  }
-                }
-                %(undef_macros)s
-                """ % dict(
+                {define_macros}
+                {{
+                  if ({func_name}({func_args}{params}) != 0) {{
+                    {fail}
+                  }}
+                }}
+                {undef_macros}
+                """.format(
+                **dict(
                     func_name=self.func_name,
                     fail=sub["fail"],
                     params=params,
@@ -611,6 +612,7 @@ class ExternalCOp(COp):
                     define_macros=define_macros,
                     undef_macros=undef_macros,
                 )
+            )
         else:
             if "code" in self.code_sections:
                 op_code = self.code_sections["code"]

pytensor/link/c/params_type.py

@@ -359,8 +359,7 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
             type_name = type_instance.__class__.__name__
             if not isinstance(type_instance, CType):
                 raise TypeError(
-                    'ParamsType: attribute "%s" should inherit from PyTensor CType, got "%s".'
-                    % (attribute_name, type_name)
+                    f'ParamsType: attribute "{attribute_name}" should inherit from PyTensor CType, got "{type_name}".'
                 )
 
         self.length = len(kwargs)
@@ -723,15 +722,11 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
             c_cleanup_list.append(type_instance.c_cleanup(attribute_name, sub))
 
             c_extract_list.append(
+                f"""
+            void extract_{attribute_name}(PyObject* py_{attribute_name}) {{
+                {type_instance.c_extract(attribute_name, sub)}
+            }}
             """
-            void extract_%(attribute_name)s(PyObject* py_%(attribute_name)s) {
-                %(extract_code)s
-            }
-            """
-                % {
-                    "attribute_name": attribute_name,
-                    "extract_code": type_instance.c_extract(attribute_name, sub),
-                }
             )
 
         struct_declare = "\n".join(c_declare_list)
@@ -759,48 +754,49 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
             )
         )
         final_struct_code = """
-        /** ParamsType %(struct_name)s **/
-        #ifndef %(struct_name_defined)s
-        #define %(struct_name_defined)s
-        struct %(struct_name)s {
+        /** ParamsType {struct_name} **/
+        #ifndef {struct_name_defined}
+        #define {struct_name_defined}
+        struct {struct_name} {{
             /* Attributes, */
-            int %(struct_name)s_error;
-            %(struct_declare)s
+            int {struct_name}_error;
+            {struct_declare}
 
             /* Constructor. */
-            %(struct_name)s() {
-                %(struct_name)s_error = 0;
-                %(struct_init)s
-            }
+            {struct_name}() {{
+                {struct_name}_error = 0;
+                {struct_init}
+            }}
 
             /* Destructor. */
-            ~%(struct_name)s() {
+            ~{struct_name}() {{
                 // cleanup() is defined below.
                 cleanup();
-            }
+            }}
 
             /* Cleanup method. */
-            void cleanup() {
-                %(struct_cleanup)s
-            }
+            void cleanup() {{
+                {struct_cleanup}
+            }}
 
             /* Extraction methods. */
-            %(struct_extract)s
+            {struct_extract}
 
             /* Extract method. */
-            %(struct_extract_method)s
+            {struct_extract_method}
 
             /* Other methods. */
-            void setErrorOccurred() {
-                ++%(struct_name)s_error;
-            }
-            int errorOccurred() {
-                return %(struct_name)s_error;
-            }
-        };
+            void setErrorOccurred() {{
+                ++{struct_name}_error;
+            }}
+            int errorOccurred() {{
+                return {struct_name}_error;
+            }}
+        }};
         #endif
-        /** End ParamsType %(struct_name)s **/
-        """ % dict(
+        /** End ParamsType {struct_name} **/
+        """.format(
+            **dict(
                 struct_name_defined=struct_name_defined,
                 struct_name=struct_name,
                 struct_declare=struct_declare,
@@ -809,6 +805,7 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
                 struct_extract=struct_extract,
                 struct_extract_method=struct_extract_method,
             )
+        )
 
         return sorted(c_support_code_set) + [final_struct_code]
 
@@ -822,8 +819,8 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
 
     def c_declare(self, name, sub, check_input=True):
         return """
-        %(struct_name)s* %(name)s;
-        """ % dict(struct_name=self.name, name=name)
+        {struct_name}* {name};
+        """.format(**dict(struct_name=self.name, name=name))
 
     def c_init(self, name, sub):
         # NB: It seems c_init() is not called for an op param.
@@ -841,36 +838,38 @@ class ParamsType(CType):
     def c_extract(self, name, sub, check_input=True, **kwargs):
         return """
         /* Seems c_init() is not called for a op param. So I call `new` here. */
-        %(name)s = new %(struct_name)s;
+        {name} = new {struct_name};
 
-        { // This need a separate namespace for Clinker
-        const char* fields[] = {%(fields_list)s};
-        if (py_%(name)s == Py_None) {
+        {{ // This need a separate namespace for Clinker
+        const char* fields[] = {{{fields_list}}};
+        if (py_{name} == Py_None) {{
             PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "ParamsType: expected an object, not None.");
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-        for (int i = 0; i < %(length)s; ++i) {
-            PyObject* o = PyDict_GetItemString(py_%(name)s, fields[i]);
-            if (o == NULL) {
-                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "ParamsType: missing expected attribute \\"%%s\\" in object.", fields[i]);
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            %(name)s->extract(o, i);
-            if (%(name)s->errorOccurred()) {
+            {fail}
+        }}
+        for (int i = 0; i < {length}; ++i) {{
+            PyObject* o = PyDict_GetItemString(py_{name}, fields[i]);
+            if (o == NULL) {{
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "ParamsType: missing expected attribute \\"%s\\" in object.", fields[i]);
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            {name}->extract(o, i);
+            if ({name}->errorOccurred()) {{
                 /* The extract code from attribute type should have already raised a Python exception,
                  * so we just print the attribute name in stderr. */
-                fprintf(stderr, "\\nParamsType: error when extracting value for attribute \\"%%s\\".\\n", fields[i]);
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-        }
-        }
-        """ % dict(
+                fprintf(stderr, "\\nParamsType: error when extracting value for attribute \\"%s\\".\\n", fields[i]);
+                {fail}
+            }}
+        }}
+        }}
+        """.format(
+            **dict(
                 name=name,
                 struct_name=self.name,
                 length=self.length,
                 fail=sub["fail"],
                 fields_list='"%s"' % '", "'.join(self.fields),
             )
+        )
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         # FIXME: Looks like we need to decrement a reference count our two.

pytensor/link/c/type.py

@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ class Generic(CType, Singleton):
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         return """
-        assert(py_%(name)s->ob_refcnt > 1);
-        Py_DECREF(py_%(name)s);
-        py_%(name)s = %(name)s ? %(name)s : Py_None;
-        Py_INCREF(py_%(name)s);
-        """ % locals()
+        assert(py_{name}->ob_refcnt > 1);
+        Py_DECREF(py_{name});
+        py_{name} = {name} ? {name} : Py_None;
+        Py_INCREF(py_{name});
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (1,)
@@ -191,17 +191,17 @@ class CDataType(CType[D]):
 
     def c_declare(self, name, sub, check_input=True):
         return """
-        %(ctype)s %(name)s;
-        """ % dict(ctype=self.ctype, name=name)
+        {ctype} {name};
+        """.format(**dict(ctype=self.ctype, name=name))
 
     def c_init(self, name, sub):
         return f"{name} = NULL;"
 
     def c_extract(self, name, sub, check_input=True, **kwargs):
         return """
-  %(name)s = (%(ctype)s)PyCapsule_GetPointer(py_%(name)s, NULL);
-  if (%(name)s == NULL) %(fail)s
-        """ % dict(name=name, ctype=self.ctype, fail=sub["fail"])
+  {name} = ({ctype})PyCapsule_GetPointer(py_{name}, NULL);
+  if ({name} == NULL) {fail}
+        """.format(**dict(name=name, ctype=self.ctype, fail=sub["fail"]))
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         freefunc = self.freefunc
@@ -576,39 +576,39 @@ class EnumType(CType, dict):
         """
         return """
         #ifdef DEBUG
-        int pytensor_enum_to_string_%(cname)s(%(ctype)s in, char* out) {
+        int pytensor_enum_to_string_{cname}({ctype} in, char* out) {{
             int ret = 0;
-            switch(in) {
-                %(cases)s
+            switch(in) {{
+                {cases}
                 default:
-                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "%(classname)s:  unknown enum value.");
+                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "{classname}:  unknown enum value.");
                     ret = -1;
                     break;
-            }
+            }}
             return ret;
-        }
+        }}
         #endif
-        """ % dict(
+        """.format(
+            **dict(
                 cname=self.cname,
                 ctype=self.ctype,
                 classname=type(self).__name__,
                 cases="".join(
                     """
-                   case %(name)s: sprintf(out, "%(name)s"); break;
-                   """
-                % dict(name=name)
+                   case {name}: sprintf(out, "{name}"); break;
+                   """.format(**dict(name=name))
                     for name in self
                 ),
             )
+        )
 
     def c_support_code(self, **kwargs):
         return (
             self.pyint_compat_code
             + "".join(
+                f"""
+            #define {k} {str(self[k])}
             """
-            #define %s %s
-            """
-                % (k, str(self[k]))
                 for k in sorted(self.keys())
             )
             + self.c_to_string()
@@ -625,15 +625,15 @@ class EnumType(CType, dict):
 
     def c_extract(self, name, sub, check_input=True, **kwargs):
         return """
-        if (PyInt_Check(py_%(name)s)) {
-            %(name)s = (%(ctype)s)PyInt_AsLong(py_%(name)s);
-        } else {
-            %(name)s = (%(ctype)s)PyFloat_AsDouble(py_%(name)s);
-        }
-        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-        """ % dict(ctype=self.ctype, name=name, fail=sub["fail"])
+        if (PyInt_Check(py_{name})) {{
+            {name} = ({ctype})PyInt_AsLong(py_{name});
+        }} else {{
+            {name} = ({ctype})PyFloat_AsDouble(py_{name});
+        }}
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {{
+            {fail}
+        }}
+        """.format(**dict(ctype=self.ctype, name=name, fail=sub["fail"]))
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (2, self.ctype, self.cname, tuple(self.items()))
@@ -754,14 +754,15 @@ class CEnumType(EnumList):
         # swapped_dict's keys are integers.
 
         return """
-        switch(PyInt_AsLong(py_%(name)s)) {
-            %(cases)s
+        switch(PyInt_AsLong(py_{name})) {{
+            {cases}
             default:
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "CEnumType: invalid value to map to C constants.");
-                {%(fail)s}
+                {{{fail}}}
                 break;
-        }
-        """ % dict(
+        }}
+        """.format(
+            **dict(
                 name=name,
                 cases="".join(
                     """
@@ -772,6 +773,7 @@ class CEnumType(EnumList):
                 ),
                 fail=sub["fail"],
             )
+        )
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (1, super().c_code_cache_version())

pytensor/link/numba/dispatch/slinalg.py

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def _check_scipy_linalg_matrix(a, func_name):
     if isinstance(a, types.Optional):
         a = a.type
     if not isinstance(a, types.Array):
-        msg = "%s.%s() only supported for array types" % interp
+        msg = "{}.{}() only supported for array types".format(*interp)
         raise numba.TypingError(msg, highlighting=False)
     if a.ndim not in [1, 2]:
         msg = "%s.%s() only supported on 1d or 2d arrays, found %s." % (
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ def _check_scipy_linalg_matrix(a, func_name):
         )
         raise numba.TypingError(msg, highlighting=False)
     if not isinstance(a.dtype, (types.Float, types.Complex)):
-        msg = "%s.%s() only supported on " "float and complex arrays." % interp
+        msg = "{}.{}() only supported on " "float and complex arrays.".format(*interp)
         raise numba.TypingError(msg, highlighting=False)
 
 

pytensor/printing.py

@@ -646,8 +646,7 @@ def _debugprint(
             tot_time_percent = (tot_time_dict[node] / profile.fct_call_time) * 100
 
             print(
-                "%s --> %8.2es %4.1f%% %8.2es %4.1f%%"
-                % (
+                "{} --> {:8.2e}s {:4.1f}% {:8.2e}s {:4.1f}%".format(
                     var_output,
                     op_time,
                     op_time_percent,

pytensor/scalar/basic.py

@@ -466,40 +466,44 @@ class ScalarType(CType, HasDataType, HasShape):
         specs = self.dtype_specs()
         if check_input:
             pre = """
-            if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(py_%(name)s, &%(pyarr_type)s))
-            {
+            if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(py_{name}, &{pyarr_type}))
+            {{
                 PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
-                    "Scalar check failed (%(dtype)s)");
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            """ % dict(
-                sub, name=name, dtype=specs[1], pyarr_type="Py%sArrType_Type" % specs[2]
+                    "Scalar check failed ({dtype})");
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            """.format(
+                **dict(
+                    sub,
+                    name=name,
+                    dtype=specs[1],
+                    pyarr_type="Py%sArrType_Type" % specs[2],
+                )
             )
         else:
             pre = ""
         return (
             pre
             + """
-        PyArray_ScalarAsCtype(py_%(name)s, &%(name)s);
-        """
-            % dict(sub, name=name)
+        PyArray_ScalarAsCtype(py_{name}, &{name});
+        """.format(**dict(sub, name=name))
         )
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         specs = self.dtype_specs()
         return """
-        Py_XDECREF(py_%(name)s);
-        py_%(name)s = PyArrayScalar_New(%(cls)s);
-        if (!py_%(name)s)
-        {
+        Py_XDECREF(py_{name});
+        py_{name} = PyArrayScalar_New({cls});
+        if (!py_{name})
+        {{
             Py_XINCREF(Py_None);
-            py_%(name)s = Py_None;
+            py_{name} = Py_None;
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_MemoryError,
-                "Instantiation of new Python scalar failed (%(dtype)s)");
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-        PyArrayScalar_ASSIGN(py_%(name)s, %(cls)s, %(name)s);
-        """ % dict(sub, name=name, dtype=specs[1], cls=specs[2])
+                "Instantiation of new Python scalar failed ({dtype})");
+            {fail}
+        }}
+        PyArrayScalar_ASSIGN(py_{name}, {cls}, {name});
+        """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, dtype=specs[1], cls=specs[2]))
 
     def c_cleanup(self, name, sub):
         return ""

pytensor/scalar/math.py

@@ -620,8 +620,8 @@ class Chi2SF(BinaryScalarOp):
         (z,) = out
         if node.inputs[0].type in float_types:
             dtype = "npy_" + node.outputs[0].dtype
-            return """%(z)s =
-                (%(dtype)s) 1 - GammaP(%(k)s/2., %(x)s/2.);""" % locals()
+            return """{z} =
+                ({dtype}) 1 - GammaP({k}/2., {x}/2.);""".format(**locals())
         raise NotImplementedError("only floatingpoint is implemented")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -666,8 +666,8 @@ class GammaInc(BinaryScalarOp):
         (z,) = out
         if node.inputs[0].type in float_types:
             dtype = "npy_" + node.outputs[0].dtype
-            return """%(z)s =
-                (%(dtype)s) GammaP(%(k)s, %(x)s);""" % locals()
+            return """{z} =
+                ({dtype}) GammaP({k}, {x});""".format(**locals())
         raise NotImplementedError("only floatingpoint is implemented")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ class GammaIncC(BinaryScalarOp):
         (z,) = out
         if node.inputs[0].type in float_types:
             dtype = "npy_" + node.outputs[0].dtype
-            return """%(z)s =
-                (%(dtype)s) GammaQ(%(k)s, %(x)s);""" % locals()
+            return """{z} =
+                ({dtype}) GammaQ({k}, {x});""".format(**locals())
         raise NotImplementedError("only floatingpoint is implemented")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -1018,8 +1018,8 @@ class GammaU(BinaryScalarOp):
         (z,) = out
         if node.inputs[0].type in float_types:
             dtype = "npy_" + node.outputs[0].dtype
-            return """%(z)s =
-                (%(dtype)s) upperGamma(%(k)s, %(x)s);""" % locals()
+            return """{z} =
+                ({dtype}) upperGamma({k}, {x});""".format(**locals())
         raise NotImplementedError("only floatingpoint is implemented")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
@@ -1056,8 +1056,8 @@ class GammaL(BinaryScalarOp):
         (z,) = out
         if node.inputs[0].type in float_types:
             dtype = "npy_" + node.outputs[0].dtype
-            return """%(z)s =
-                (%(dtype)s) lowerGamma(%(k)s, %(x)s);""" % locals()
+            return """{z} =
+                ({dtype}) lowerGamma({k}, {x});""".format(**locals())
         raise NotImplementedError("only floatingpoint is implemented")
 
     def __eq__(self, other):

pytensor/scan/op.py

@@ -3364,8 +3364,7 @@ def profile_printer(
                     total_scan_fct_time += scan_fct_time
                     total_scan_op_time += scan_op_time
                     print(
-                        "      %5.1fs  %5.1fs  %5.1fs  %5.1f%%  %5.1f%%"
-                        % (
+                        "      {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}%  {:5.1f}%".format(
                             v,
                             scan_fct_time,
                             scan_op_time,
@@ -3385,8 +3384,7 @@ def profile_printer(
             print("  No scan have its inner profile enabled.", file=file)
         else:
             print(
-                "total %5.1fs  %5.1fs  %5.1fs  %5.1f%%  %5.1f%%"
-                % (
+                "total {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}s  {:5.1f}%  {:5.1f}%".format(
                     total_super_scan_time,
                     total_scan_fct_time,
                     total_scan_op_time,

pytensor/tensor/blas.py

@@ -1840,19 +1840,19 @@ class BatchedDot(COp):
         z_shape = ", ".join(z_dims)
         z_contiguous = contiguous(_z, z_ndim)
         allocate = """
-            if (NULL == %(_z)s || !(%(z_shape_correct)s)  || !(%(z_contiguous)s))
-            {
-                npy_intp dims[%(z_ndim)s] = {%(z_shape)s};
-                Py_XDECREF(%(_z)s);
-                %(_z)s = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_SimpleNew(
-                    %(z_ndim)s, dims, PyArray_TYPE(%(_x)s));
-                if(!%(_z)s) {
+            if (NULL == {_z} || !({z_shape_correct})  || !({z_contiguous}))
+            {{
+                npy_intp dims[{z_ndim}] = {{{z_shape}}};
+                Py_XDECREF({_z});
+                {_z} = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_SimpleNew(
+                    {z_ndim}, dims, PyArray_TYPE({_x}));
+                if(!{_z}) {{
                     PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError,
                                     "failed to alloc BatchedDot output");
-                    %(fail)s
-                }
-            }
-        """ % locals()
+                    {fail}
+                }}
+            }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
         # code to reallocate inputs contiguously if necessary
         contiguate = []
@@ -1860,76 +1860,75 @@ class BatchedDot(COp):
             _contiguous = contiguous(var, ndim)
             contiguate.append(
                 """
-                if (!(%(_contiguous)s)) {
-                    PyArrayObject * _copy = (PyArrayObject *) PyArray_Copy(%(var)s);
+                if (!({_contiguous})) {{
+                    PyArrayObject * _copy = (PyArrayObject *) PyArray_Copy({var});
                     if (!_copy)
-                        %(fail)s
-                    Py_XDECREF(%(var)s);
-                    %(var)s = _copy;
-                }
-            """
-                % locals()
+                        {fail}
+                    Py_XDECREF({var});
+                    {var} = _copy;
+                }}
+            """.format(**locals())
             )
         contiguate = "\n".join(contiguate)
 
         return """
-        int type_num = PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->type_num;
-        int type_size = PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->elsize; // in bytes
+        int type_num = PyArray_DESCR({_x})->type_num;
+        int type_size = PyArray_DESCR({_x})->elsize; // in bytes
 
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(_x)s) != 3) {
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({_x}) != 3) {{
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
-                         "rank(x) != 3. rank(x) is %%d.",
-                         PyArray_NDIM(%(_x)s));
-            %(fail)s;
-        }
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(_y)s) != 3) {
+                         "rank(x) != 3. rank(x) is %d.",
+                         PyArray_NDIM({_x}));
+            {fail};
+        }}
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({_y}) != 3) {{
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
-                         "rank(y) != 3. rank(y) is %%d.",
-                         PyArray_NDIM(%(_y)s));
-            %(fail)s;
-        }
-        if (%(_z)s && PyArray_NDIM(%(_z)s) != 3) {
+                         "rank(y) != 3. rank(y) is %d.",
+                         PyArray_NDIM({_y}));
+            {fail};
+        }}
+        if ({_z} && PyArray_NDIM({_z}) != 3) {{
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
-                         "rank(z) != 3. rank(z) is %%d.",
-                         PyArray_NDIM(%(_z)s));
-            %(fail)s;
-        }
+                         "rank(z) != 3. rank(z) is %d.",
+                         PyArray_NDIM({_z}));
+            {fail};
+        }}
 
         // allocate output
-        %(allocate)s
+        {allocate}
         // reallocate any noncontiguous arrays or arrays with invalid strides
-        %(contiguate)s
+        {contiguate}
 
-        if ((PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
-            && (PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(x) is not double or float"); %(fail)s;}
+        if ((PyArray_DESCR({_x})->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
+            && (PyArray_DESCR({_x})->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(x) is not double or float"); {fail};}}
 
-        if ((PyArray_DESCR(%(_y)s)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
-            && (PyArray_DESCR(%(_y)s)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(y) is not double or float"); %(fail)s;}
+        if ((PyArray_DESCR({_y})->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
+            && (PyArray_DESCR({_y})->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(y) is not double or float"); {fail};}}
 
-        if ((PyArray_DESCR(%(_z)s)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
-            && (PyArray_DESCR(%(_z)s)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(z) is not double or float"); %(fail)s;}
+        if ((PyArray_DESCR({_z})->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
+            && (PyArray_DESCR({_z})->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(z) is not double or float"); {fail};}}
 
-        if ((PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->type_num != PyArray_DESCR(%(_y)s)->type_num)
-            ||(PyArray_DESCR(%(_x)s)->type_num != PyArray_DESCR(%(_z)s)->type_num))
-        { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(x), type(y), type(z) are not all the same"); %(fail)s; }
+        if ((PyArray_DESCR({_x})->type_num != PyArray_DESCR({_y})->type_num)
+            ||(PyArray_DESCR({_x})->type_num != PyArray_DESCR({_z})->type_num))
+        {{ PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "type(x), type(y), type(z) are not all the same"); {fail}; }}
 
         switch (type_num)
-        {
+        {{
             case NPY_FLOAT:
-            if (batch_gemm<float>(sgemm_, type_size, %(_x)s, %(_y)s, %(_z)s)) {
-                %(fail)s;
-            }
+            if (batch_gemm<float>(sgemm_, type_size, {_x}, {_y}, {_z})) {{
+                {fail};
+            }}
             break;
             case NPY_DOUBLE:
-            if (batch_gemm<double>(dgemm_, type_size, %(_x)s, %(_y)s, %(_z)s)) {
-                %(fail)s;
-            }
+            if (batch_gemm<double>(dgemm_, type_size, {_x}, {_y}, {_z})) {{
+                {fail};
+            }}
             break;
-        }
-        """ % locals()
+        }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         from pytensor.tensor.blas_headers import blas_header_version

pytensor/tensor/blas_headers.py

@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
         if (PyArray_NDIM(_y) != 2) goto _dot_execute_fallback;
         if (PyArray_NDIM(_z) != 2) goto _dot_execute_fallback;
 
-        %(check_ab)s
+        {check_ab}
 
         if ((PyArray_DESCR(_x)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
             && (PyArray_DESCR(_x)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT))
@@ -1117,16 +1117,16 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
 
 
         if ((Nx[0] != Nz[0]) || (Nx[1] != Ny[0]) || (Ny[1] != Nz[1]))
-        {
+        {{
             error_string = "Input dimensions do not agree";
             goto _dot_execute_fail;
-        }
-        if ((Sx[0] < 1) || (Sx[1] < 1) || (Sx[0] %(mod)s type_size) || (Sx[1] %(mod)s type_size)
-           || (Sy[0] < 1) || (Sy[1] < 1) || (Sy[0] %(mod)s type_size) || (Sy[1] %(mod)s type_size)
-           || (Sz[0] < 1) || (Sz[1] < 1) || (Sz[0] %(mod)s type_size) || (Sz[1] %(mod)s type_size))
-        {
+        }}
+        if ((Sx[0] < 1) || (Sx[1] < 1) || (Sx[0] {mod} type_size) || (Sx[1] {mod} type_size)
+           || (Sy[0] < 1) || (Sy[1] < 1) || (Sy[0] {mod} type_size) || (Sy[1] {mod} type_size)
+           || (Sz[0] < 1) || (Sz[1] < 1) || (Sz[0] {mod} type_size) || (Sz[1] {mod} type_size))
+        {{
            goto _dot_execute_fallback;
-        }
+        }}
 
         /*
         encode the stride structure of _x,_y,_z into a single integer
@@ -1146,19 +1146,19 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
         sz_1 = (Nz[1] > 1) ? Sz[1]/type_size : Nz[0];
 
         switch (type_num)
-        {
+        {{
             case NPY_FLOAT:
-            {
+            {{
                 #define REAL float
-                float a = %(a_init)s;
-                float b = %(b_init)s;
+                float a = {a_init};
+                float b = {b_init};
 
                 float* x = (float*)PyArray_DATA(_x);
                 float* y = (float*)PyArray_DATA(_y);
                 float* z = (float*)PyArray_DATA(_z);
 
                 switch(unit)
-                {
+                {{
                     case 0x000: cblas_sgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_0, b, z, sz_0); break;
                     case 0x001: cblas_sgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasTrans,   CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_1, y, sy_0, b, z, sz_0); break;
                     case 0x010: cblas_sgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans,   Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_0); break;
@@ -1168,21 +1168,21 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
                     case 0x110: cblas_sgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasTrans,   CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_1); break;
                     case 0x111: cblas_sgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_1, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_1); break;
                     default: goto _dot_execute_fallback;
-                };
+                }};
                 #undef REAL
-            }
+            }}
             break;
             case NPY_DOUBLE:
-            {
+            {{
                 #define REAL double
-                double a = %(a_init)s;
-                double b = %(b_init)s;
+                double a = {a_init};
+                double b = {b_init};
 
                 double* x = (double*)PyArray_DATA(_x);
                 double* y = (double*)PyArray_DATA(_y);
                 double* z = (double*)PyArray_DATA(_z);
                 switch(unit)
-                {
+                {{
                     case 0x000: cblas_dgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_0, b, z, sz_0); break;
                     case 0x001: cblas_dgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasTrans,   CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_1, y, sy_0, b, z, sz_0); break;
                     case 0x010: cblas_dgemm(CblasRowMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasTrans,   Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_0); break;
@@ -1192,11 +1192,11 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
                     case 0x110: cblas_dgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasTrans,   CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_0, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_1); break;
                     case 0x111: cblas_dgemm(CblasColMajor, CblasNoTrans, CblasNoTrans, Nz[0], Nz[1], Nx[1], a, x, sx_1, y, sy_1, b, z, sz_1); break;
                     default: goto _dot_execute_fallback;
-                };
+                }};
                 #undef REAL
-            }
+            }}
             break;
-        }
+        }}
 
         return 0;  //success!
 
@@ -1212,4 +1212,4 @@ def ____gemm_code(check_ab, a_init, b_init):
         return -1;
 
         /* v 1 */
-    """ % locals()
+    """.format(**locals())

pytensor/tensor/elemwise.py

@@ -929,12 +929,12 @@ class Elemwise(OpenMPOp):
             # decrease the reference of whatever the output contained
             # prior to this
             alloc += """
-            if (%(oname)s) {
-                Py_XDECREF(%(oname)s);
-            }
-            %(oname)s = %(iname)s;
-            Py_XINCREF(%(oname)s);
-            """ % locals()
+            if ({oname}) {{
+                Py_XDECREF({oname});
+            }}
+            {oname} = {iname};
+            Py_XINCREF({oname});
+            """.format(**locals())
             # We alias the scalar variables
             defines += f"#define {oname}_i {iname}_i\n"
             undefs += f"#undef {oname}_i\n"
@@ -958,12 +958,12 @@ class Elemwise(OpenMPOp):
             dict(sub, fail=fail),
         )
         code = """
-        {
-            %(defines)s
-            %(task_code)s
-            %(undefs)s
-        }
-        """ % locals()
+        {{
+            {defines}
+            {task_code}
+            {undefs}
+        }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
         loop_orders = orders + [list(range(nnested))] * len(real_onames)
         dtypes = idtypes + list(real_odtypes)
@@ -995,27 +995,27 @@ class Elemwise(OpenMPOp):
                         if index != "x":
                             preloops.setdefault(j, "")
                             preloops[j] += (
-                                "%%(lv%(i)s)s_iter = (%(dtype)s*)"
-                                "(PyArray_DATA(%%(lv%(i)s)s));\n" % locals()
+                                "%(lv{i})s_iter = ({dtype}*)"
+                                "(PyArray_DATA(%(lv{i})s));\n".format(**locals())
                             ) % sub
                             break
                     else:  # all broadcastable
                         preloops.setdefault(0, "")
                         preloops[0] += (
-                            "%%(lv%(i)s)s_iter = (%(dtype)s*)"
-                            "(PyArray_DATA(%%(lv%(i)s)s));\n" % locals()
+                            "%(lv{i})s_iter = ({dtype}*)"
+                            "(PyArray_DATA(%(lv{i})s));\n".format(**locals())
                         ) % sub
 
                 init_array = preloops.get(0, " ")
                 loop = """
-                {
-                  %(defines)s
-                  %(init_array)s
-                  %(task_decl)s
-                  %(task_code)s
-                  %(undefs)s
-                }
-                """ % locals()
+                {{
+                  {defines}
+                  {init_array}
+                  {task_decl}
+                  {task_code}
+                  {undefs}
+                }}
+                """.format(**locals())
             else:
                 loop = cgen.make_loop(
                     loop_orders=loop_orders,
@@ -1076,24 +1076,24 @@ class Elemwise(OpenMPOp):
                     for x, var in zip(inames + onames, inputs + node.outputs):
                         if not all(s == 1 for s in var.type.shape):
                             contig += """
-            dtype_%(x)s * %(x)s_ptr = (dtype_%(x)s*) PyArray_DATA(%(x)s);
-                            """ % locals()
+            dtype_{x} * {x}_ptr = (dtype_{x}*) PyArray_DATA({x});
+                            """.format(**locals())
                             index += """
-            dtype_%(x)s& %(x)s_i = %(x)s_ptr[i];
-                            """ % locals()
+            dtype_{x}& {x}_i = {x}_ptr[i];
+                            """.format(**locals())
                         else:
                             contig += """
-            dtype_%(x)s& %(x)s_i = ((dtype_%(x)s*) PyArray_DATA(%(x)s))[0];
-                            """ % locals()
+            dtype_{x}& {x}_i = ((dtype_{x}*) PyArray_DATA({x}))[0];
+                            """.format(**locals())
                     if self.openmp:
                         contig += f"""#pragma omp parallel for if(n>={int(config.openmp_elemwise_minsize)})
                         """
                     contig += """
-                    for(int i=0; i<n; i++){
-                        %(index)s
-                        %(task_code)s;
-                    }
-                    """ % locals()
+                    for(int i=0; i<n; i++){{
+                        {index}
+                        {task_code};
+                    }}
+                    """.format(**locals())
             if contig is not None:
                 z = list(zip(inames + onames, inputs + node.outputs))
                 all_broadcastable = all(s == 1 for s in var.type.shape)
@@ -1112,12 +1112,12 @@ class Elemwise(OpenMPOp):
                     ]
                 )
                 loop = """
-            if((%(cond1)s) || (%(cond2)s)){
-                %(contig)s
-            }else{
-                %(loop)s
-            }
-            """ % locals()
+            if(({cond1}) || ({cond2})){{
+                {contig}
+            }}else{{
+                {loop}
+            }}
+            """.format(**locals())
         return decl, checks, alloc, loop, ""
 
     def c_code(self, node, nodename, inames, onames, sub):

pytensor/tensor/elemwise_cgen.py

@@ -176,34 +176,34 @@ def make_alloc(loop_orders, dtype, sub, fortran="0"):
     # contiguous dimensions, or the dimension with the smallest
     # stride. Right now, it is allocated to be C_CONTIGUOUS.
     return """
-    {
-        npy_intp dims[%(nd)s];
-        //npy_intp* dims = (npy_intp*)malloc(%(nd)s * sizeof(npy_intp));
-        %(init_dims)s
-        if (!%(olv)s) {
-            %(olv)s = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(%(nd)s, dims,
-                                                    %(type)s,
-                                                    %(fortran)s);
-        }
-        else {
+    {{
+        npy_intp dims[{nd}];
+        //npy_intp* dims = (npy_intp*)malloc({nd} * sizeof(npy_intp));
+        {init_dims}
+        if (!{olv}) {{
+            {olv} = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY({nd}, dims,
+                                                    {type},
+                                                    {fortran});
+        }}
+        else {{
             PyArray_Dims new_dims;
-            new_dims.len = %(nd)s;
+            new_dims.len = {nd};
             new_dims.ptr = dims;
-            PyObject* success = PyArray_Resize(%(olv)s, &new_dims, 0, NPY_CORDER);
-            if (!success) {
+            PyObject* success = PyArray_Resize({olv}, &new_dims, 0, NPY_CORDER);
+            if (!success) {{
                 // If we can't resize the ndarray we have we can allocate a new one.
                 PyErr_Clear();
-                Py_XDECREF(%(olv)s);
-                %(olv)s = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(%(nd)s, dims, %(type)s, 0);
-            } else {
+                Py_XDECREF({olv});
+                {olv} = (PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY({nd}, dims, {type}, 0);
+            }} else {{
                 Py_DECREF(success);
-            }
-        }
-        if (!%(olv)s) {
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-    }
-    """ % dict(locals(), **sub)
+            }}
+        }}
+        if (!{olv}) {{
+            {fail}
+        }}
+    }}
+    """.format(**dict(locals(), **sub))
 
 
 def make_loop(loop_orders, dtypes, loop_tasks, sub, openmp=None):

pytensor/tensor/extra_ops.py

@@ -69,24 +69,24 @@ class CpuContiguous(COp):
         (x,) = inames
         (y,) = onames
         code = """
-            if (!PyArray_CHKFLAGS(%(x)s, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)){
+            if (!PyArray_CHKFLAGS({x}, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)){{
                 // check to see if output is contiguous first
-                if (%(y)s != NULL &&
-                    PyArray_CompareLists(PyArray_DIMS(%(y)s), PyArray_DIMS(%(x)s), PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s)) &&
-                    PyArray_CHKFLAGS(%(y)s, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)){
-                    PyArray_CopyInto(%(y)s, %(x)s);
-                }
-                else{
-                    Py_XDECREF(%(y)s);
-                    %(y)s = PyArray_GETCONTIGUOUS(%(x)s);
-                }
-            }
-            else{
-                Py_XINCREF(%(x)s);
-                Py_XDECREF(%(y)s);
-                %(y)s = %(x)s;
-            }
-            """ % locals()
+                if ({y} != NULL &&
+                    PyArray_CompareLists(PyArray_DIMS({y}), PyArray_DIMS({x}), PyArray_NDIM({x})) &&
+                    PyArray_CHKFLAGS({y}, NPY_ARRAY_C_CONTIGUOUS)){{
+                    PyArray_CopyInto({y}, {x});
+                }}
+                else{{
+                    Py_XDECREF({y});
+                    {y} = PyArray_GETCONTIGUOUS({x});
+                }}
+            }}
+            else{{
+                Py_XINCREF({x});
+                Py_XDECREF({y});
+                {y} = {x};
+            }}
+            """.format(**locals())
         return code
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
@@ -162,12 +162,12 @@ class SearchsortedOp(COp):
         side = sub["params"]
         fail = sub["fail"]
         return """
-            PyObject* tmp_%(name)s = PyUnicode_FromString("right");
-            if (tmp_%(name)s == NULL)
-                %(fail)s;
-            right_%(name)s = PyUnicode_Compare(%(side)s, tmp_%(name)s);
-            Py_DECREF(tmp_%(name)s);
-        """ % locals()
+            PyObject* tmp_{name} = PyUnicode_FromString("right");
+            if (tmp_{name} == NULL)
+                {fail};
+            right_{name} = PyUnicode_Compare({side}, tmp_{name});
+            Py_DECREF(tmp_{name});
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code(self, node, name, inames, onames, sub):
         sorter = None
@@ -181,17 +181,17 @@ class SearchsortedOp(COp):
         fail = sub["fail"]
 
         return """
-            Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);
-            %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SearchSorted(%(x)s, (PyObject*) %(v)s,
-                                                          right_%(name)s ? NPY_SEARCHLEFT : NPY_SEARCHRIGHT, (PyObject*) %(sorter)s);
-            if (!%(z)s)
-                %(fail)s;
-            if (PyArray_TYPE(%(z)s) != NPY_INT64){
-                PyObject * tmp = PyArray_Cast(%(z)s, NPY_INT64);
-                Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);
-                %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) tmp;
-            }
-        """ % locals()
+            Py_XDECREF({z});
+            {z} = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SearchSorted({x}, (PyObject*) {v},
+                                                          right_{name} ? NPY_SEARCHLEFT : NPY_SEARCHRIGHT, (PyObject*) {sorter});
+            if (!{z})
+                {fail};
+            if (PyArray_TYPE({z}) != NPY_INT64){{
+                PyObject * tmp = PyArray_Cast({z}, NPY_INT64);
+                Py_XDECREF({z});
+                {z} = (PyArrayObject*) tmp;
+            }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (2,)
@@ -351,43 +351,43 @@ class CumOp(COp):
         params = sub["params"]
 
         code = """
-                int axis = %(params)s->c_axis;
-                if (axis == 0 && PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s) == 1)
+                int axis = {params}->c_axis;
+                if (axis == 0 && PyArray_NDIM({x}) == 1)
                     axis = NPY_MAXDIMS;
-                npy_intp shape[1] = { PyArray_SIZE(%(x)s) };
-                if(axis == NPY_MAXDIMS && !(%(z)s && PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[0] == shape[0]))
-                {
-                    Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);
-                    %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(1, shape, PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_%(x)s));
-                }
-
-                else if(axis != NPY_MAXDIMS && !(%(z)s && PyArray_CompareLists(PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s), PyArray_DIMS(%(x)s), PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s))))
-                {
-                    Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);
-                    %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s), PyArray_DIMS(%(x)s), PyArray_TYPE(%(x)s));
-                }
-
-                if (!%(z)s)
-                    %(fail)s;
-                {
+                npy_intp shape[1] = {{ PyArray_SIZE({x}) }};
+                if(axis == NPY_MAXDIMS && !({z} && PyArray_DIMS({z})[0] == shape[0]))
+                {{
+                    Py_XDECREF({z});
+                    {z} = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(1, shape, PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_{x}));
+                }}
+
+                else if(axis != NPY_MAXDIMS && !({z} && PyArray_CompareLists(PyArray_DIMS({z}), PyArray_DIMS({x}), PyArray_NDIM({x}))))
+                {{
+                    Py_XDECREF({z});
+                    {z} = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(PyArray_NDIM({x}), PyArray_DIMS({x}), PyArray_TYPE({x}));
+                }}
+
+                if (!{z})
+                    {fail};
+                {{
 
                     PyObject * t = NULL;
-                    if(%(params)s->mode == MODE_ADD)
+                    if({params}->mode == MODE_ADD)
                         t = PyArray_CumSum(
-                            %(x)s, axis,
-                            PyArray_TYPE(%(x)s), %(z)s);
-                    else if(%(params)s->mode == MODE_MUL)
+                            {x}, axis,
+                            PyArray_TYPE({x}), {z});
+                    else if({params}->mode == MODE_MUL)
                         t = PyArray_CumProd(
-                            %(x)s, axis,
-                            PyArray_TYPE(%(x)s), %(z)s);
+                            {x}, axis,
+                            PyArray_TYPE({x}), {z});
 
-                    if (!t){
-                       %(fail)s;
-                    }
+                    if (!t){{
+                       {fail};
+                    }}
                     // Because PyArray_CumSum/CumProd returns a newly created reference on t.
                     Py_XDECREF(t);
-                }
-            """ % locals()
+                }}
+            """.format(**locals())
 
         return code
 

pytensor/tensor/math.py

@@ -420,13 +420,13 @@ class Argmax(COp):
                 raise NotImplementedError()
             # params is only used here for now
             axis_code = """
-            axis = %(params)s->c_axis;
-            if(axis > PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s)-1 || axis < -PyArray_NDIM(%(x)s)){
+            axis = {params}->c_axis;
+            if(axis > PyArray_NDIM({x})-1 || axis < -PyArray_NDIM({x})){{
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                 "Argmax, bad axis argument");
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            """ % locals()
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            """.format(**locals())
         ret = """
         int axis;
 

pytensor/tensor/type.py

@@ -476,47 +476,47 @@ class TensorType(CType[np.ndarray], HasDataType, HasShape):
     def c_declare(self, name, sub, check_input=True):
         if check_input:
             check = """
-            typedef %(dtype)s dtype_%(name)s;
-            """ % dict(sub, name=name, dtype=self.dtype_specs()[1])
+            typedef {dtype} dtype_{name};
+            """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, dtype=self.dtype_specs()[1]))
         else:
             check = ""
         declaration = """
-        PyArrayObject* %(name)s;
-        """ % dict(sub, name=name, dtype=self.dtype_specs()[1])
+        PyArrayObject* {name};
+        """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, dtype=self.dtype_specs()[1]))
 
         return declaration + check
 
     def c_init(self, name, sub):
         return """
-        %(name)s = NULL;
-        """ % dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2])
+        {name} = NULL;
+        """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2]))
 
     def c_extract(self, name, sub, check_input=True, **kwargs):
         if check_input:
             check = """
-            %(name)s = NULL;
-            if (py_%(name)s == Py_None) {
-                // We can either fail here or set %(name)s to NULL and rely on Ops
+            {name} = NULL;
+            if (py_{name} == Py_None) {{
+                // We can either fail here or set {name} to NULL and rely on Ops
                 // using tensors to handle the NULL case, but if they fail to do so
                 // they'll end up with nasty segfaults, so this is public service.
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "expected an ndarray, not None");
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            if (!PyArray_Check(py_%(name)s)) {
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            if (!PyArray_Check(py_{name})) {{
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "expected an ndarray");
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            // We expect %(type_num)s
-            if (!PyArray_ISALIGNED((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s)) {
-                PyArrayObject * tmp = (PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s;
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            // We expect {type_num}
+            if (!PyArray_ISALIGNED((PyArrayObject*) py_{name})) {{
+                PyArrayObject * tmp = (PyArrayObject*) py_{name};
                 PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
-                             "expected an aligned array of type %%ld "
-                             "(%(type_num)s), got non-aligned array of type %%ld"
-                             " with %%ld dimensions, with 3 last dims "
-                             "%%ld, %%ld, %%ld"
-                             " and 3 last strides %%ld %%ld, %%ld.",
-                             (long int) %(type_num)s,
-                             (long int) PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s),
+                             "expected an aligned array of type %ld "
+                             "({type_num}), got non-aligned array of type %ld"
+                             " with %ld dimensions, with 3 last dims "
+                             "%ld, %ld, %ld"
+                             " and 3 last strides %ld %ld, %ld.",
+                             (long int) {type_num},
+                             (long int) PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_{name}),
                              (long int) PyArray_NDIM(tmp),
                              (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(tmp) >= 3 ?
             PyArray_DIMS(tmp)[PyArray_NDIM(tmp)-3] : -1),
@@ -531,74 +531,73 @@ class TensorType(CType[np.ndarray], HasDataType, HasShape):
                              (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(tmp) >= 1 ?
             PyArray_STRIDES(tmp)[PyArray_NDIM(tmp)-1] : -1)
             );
-                %(fail)s
-            }
+                {fail}
+            }}
             // This is a TypeError to be consistent with DEBUG_MODE
             // Note: DEBUG_MODE also tells the name of the container
-            if (PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s) != %(type_num)s) {
+            if (PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_{name}) != {type_num}) {{
                 PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
-                             "expected type_num %%d (%(type_num)s) got %%d",
-                             %(type_num)s, PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s));
-                %(fail)s
-            }
-            """ % dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2])
+                             "expected type_num %d ({type_num}) got %d",
+                             {type_num}, PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_{name}));
+                {fail}
+            }}
+            """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2]))
         else:
             check = ""
         return (
             check
             + """
-        %(name)s = (PyArrayObject*)(py_%(name)s);
-        Py_XINCREF(%(name)s);
-        """
-            % dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2])
+        {name} = (PyArrayObject*)(py_{name});
+        Py_XINCREF({name});
+        """.format(**dict(sub, name=name, type_num=self.dtype_specs()[2]))
         )
 
     def c_cleanup(self, name, sub):
         return """
-        if (%(name)s) {
-            Py_XDECREF(%(name)s);
-        }
-        """ % locals()
+        if ({name}) {{
+            Py_XDECREF({name});
+        }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         fail = sub["fail"]
         type_num = self.dtype_specs()[2]
         return """
-        {Py_XDECREF(py_%(name)s);}
-        if (!%(name)s) {
+        {{Py_XDECREF(py_{name});}}
+        if (!{name}) {{
             Py_INCREF(Py_None);
-            py_%(name)s = Py_None;
-        }
-        else if ((void*)py_%(name)s != (void*)%(name)s) {
-            py_%(name)s = (PyObject*)%(name)s;
-        }
+            py_{name} = Py_None;
+        }}
+        else if ((void*)py_{name} != (void*){name}) {{
+            py_{name} = (PyObject*){name};
+        }}
 
-        {Py_XINCREF(py_%(name)s);}
+        {{Py_XINCREF(py_{name});}}
 
-        if (%(name)s && !PyArray_ISALIGNED((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s)) {
+        if ({name} && !PyArray_ISALIGNED((PyArrayObject*) py_{name})) {{
             PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
-                         "c_sync: expected an aligned array, got non-aligned array of type %%ld"
-                         " with %%ld dimensions, with 3 last dims "
-                         "%%ld, %%ld, %%ld"
-                         " and 3 last strides %%ld %%ld, %%ld.",
-                         (long int) PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_%(name)s),
-                         (long int) PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 3 ?
-        PyArray_DIMS(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-3] : -1),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 2 ?
-        PyArray_DIMS(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-2] : -1),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 1 ?
-        PyArray_DIMS(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-1] : -1),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 3 ?
-        PyArray_STRIDES(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-3] : -1),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 2 ?
-        PyArray_STRIDES(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-2] : -1),
-                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s) >= 1 ?
-        PyArray_STRIDES(%(name)s)[PyArray_NDIM(%(name)s)-1] : -1)
+                         "c_sync: expected an aligned array, got non-aligned array of type %ld"
+                         " with %ld dimensions, with 3 last dims "
+                         "%ld, %ld, %ld"
+                         " and 3 last strides %ld %ld, %ld.",
+                         (long int) PyArray_TYPE((PyArrayObject*) py_{name}),
+                         (long int) PyArray_NDIM({name}),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 3 ?
+        PyArray_DIMS({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-3] : -1),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 2 ?
+        PyArray_DIMS({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-2] : -1),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 1 ?
+        PyArray_DIMS({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-1] : -1),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 3 ?
+        PyArray_STRIDES({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-3] : -1),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 2 ?
+        PyArray_STRIDES({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-2] : -1),
+                         (long int) (PyArray_NDIM({name}) >= 1 ?
+        PyArray_STRIDES({name})[PyArray_NDIM({name})-1] : -1)
         );
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-        """ % locals()
+            {fail}
+        }}
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_headers(self, **kwargs):
         return ps.get_scalar_type(self.dtype).c_headers(**kwargs)

pytensor/typed_list/basic.py

@@ -103,12 +103,12 @@ class GetItem(COp):
         output_name = out[0]
         fail = sub["fail"]
         return """
-        %(output_name)s = (typeof %(output_name)s) PyList_GetItem( (PyObject*) %(x_name)s, *((npy_int64 *) PyArray_DATA(%(index)s)));
-        if(%(output_name)s == NULL){
-            %(fail)s
-        }
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """ % locals()
+        {output_name} = (typeof {output_name}) PyList_GetItem( (PyObject*) {x_name}, *((npy_int64 *) PyArray_DATA({index})));
+        if({output_name} == NULL){{
+            {fail}
+        }}
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (1,)
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ class Append(COp):
         fail = sub["fail"]
         if not self.inplace:
             init = """
-            %(output_name)s = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) %(x_name)s, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) %(x_name)s)) ;
-            """ % locals()
+            {output_name} = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) {x_name}, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) {x_name})) ;
+            """.format(**locals())
         else:
             init = f"""
             {output_name} =  {x_name};
@@ -179,15 +179,14 @@ class Append(COp):
         return (
             init
             + """
-        if(%(output_name)s==NULL){
-                %(fail)s
-        };
-        if(PyList_Append( (PyObject*) %(output_name)s,(PyObject*) %(toAppend)s)){
-            %(fail)s
-        };
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """
-            % locals()
+        if({output_name}==NULL){{
+                {fail}
+        }};
+        if(PyList_Append( (PyObject*) {output_name},(PyObject*) {toAppend})){{
+            {fail}
+        }};
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
         )
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
@@ -252,8 +251,8 @@ class Extend(COp):
         fail = sub["fail"]
         if not self.inplace:
             init = """
-            %(output_name)s = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) %(x_name)s, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) %(x_name)s)) ;
-            """ % locals()
+            {output_name} = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) {x_name}, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) {x_name})) ;
+            """.format(**locals())
         else:
             init = f"""
             {output_name} =  {x_name};
@@ -262,18 +261,17 @@ class Extend(COp):
             init
             + """
         int i =0;
-        int length = PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) %(toAppend)s);
-        if(%(output_name)s==NULL){
-                %(fail)s
-        };
-        for(i; i < length; i++){
-            if(PyList_Append( (PyObject*) %(output_name)s,(PyObject*) PyList_GetItem((PyObject*) %(toAppend)s,i))==-1){
-                %(fail)s
-            };
-        }
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """
-            % locals()
+        int length = PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) {toAppend});
+        if({output_name}==NULL){{
+                {fail}
+        }};
+        for(i; i < length; i++){{
+            if(PyList_Append( (PyObject*) {output_name},(PyObject*) PyList_GetItem((PyObject*) {toAppend},i))==-1){{
+                {fail}
+            }};
+        }}
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
         )
 
     def c_code_cache_version_(self):
@@ -341,8 +339,8 @@ class Insert(COp):
         fail = sub["fail"]
         if not self.inplace:
             init = """
-            %(output_name)s = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) %(x_name)s, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) %(x_name)s)) ;
-            """ % locals()
+            {output_name} = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) {x_name}, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) {x_name})) ;
+            """.format(**locals())
         else:
             init = f"""
             {output_name} =  {x_name};
@@ -350,15 +348,14 @@ class Insert(COp):
         return (
             init
             + """
-        if(%(output_name)s==NULL){
-                %(fail)s
-        };
-        if(PyList_Insert((PyObject*) %(output_name)s, *((npy_int64 *) PyArray_DATA(%(index)s)), (PyObject*) %(toInsert)s)==-1){
-            %(fail)s
-        };
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """
-            % locals()
+        if({output_name}==NULL){{
+                {fail}
+        }};
+        if(PyList_Insert((PyObject*) {output_name}, *((npy_int64 *) PyArray_DATA({index})), (PyObject*) {toInsert})==-1){{
+            {fail}
+        }};
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
         )
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
@@ -470,8 +467,8 @@ class Reverse(COp):
         fail = sub["fail"]
         if not self.inplace:
             init = """
-            %(output_name)s = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) %(x_name)s, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) %(x_name)s)) ;
-            """ % locals()
+            {output_name} = (PyListObject*) PyList_GetSlice((PyObject*) {x_name}, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE((PyObject*) {x_name})) ;
+            """.format(**locals())
         else:
             init = f"""
             {output_name} =  {x_name};
@@ -479,15 +476,14 @@ class Reverse(COp):
         return (
             init
             + """
-        if(%(output_name)s==NULL){
-                %(fail)s
-        };
-        if(PyList_Reverse((PyObject*) %(output_name)s)==-1){
-            %(fail)s
-        };
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """
-            % locals()
+        if({output_name}==NULL){{
+                {fail}
+        }};
+        if(PyList_Reverse((PyObject*) {output_name})==-1){{
+            {fail}
+        }};
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
         )
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
@@ -602,11 +598,11 @@ class Length(COp):
         output_name = out[0]
         fail = sub["fail"]
         return """
-        if(!%(output_name)s)
-            %(output_name)s=(PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(0, NULL, NPY_INT64, 0);
-        ((npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA(%(output_name)s))[0]=PyList_Size((PyObject*)%(x_name)s);
-        Py_INCREF(%(output_name)s);
-        """ % locals()
+        if(!{output_name})
+            {output_name}=(PyArrayObject*)PyArray_EMPTY(0, NULL, NPY_INT64, 0);
+        ((npy_int64*)PyArray_DATA({output_name}))[0]=PyList_Size((PyObject*){x_name});
+        Py_INCREF({output_name});
+        """.format(**locals())
 
     def c_code_cache_version(self):
         return (1,)

pytensor/typed_list/type.py

@@ -111,26 +111,25 @@ class TypedListType(CType):
     def c_extract(self, name, sub, check_input=True, **kwargs):
         if check_input:
             pre = """
-            if (!PyList_Check(py_%(name)s)) {
+            if (!PyList_Check(py_{name})) {{
                 PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "expected a list");
-                %(fail)s
-            }""" % dict(name=name, fail=sub["fail"])
+                {fail}
+            }}""".format(**dict(name=name, fail=sub["fail"]))
         else:
             pre = ""
         return (
             pre
             + """
-        %(name)s = (PyListObject*) (py_%(name)s);
-        """
-            % dict(name=name, fail=sub["fail"])
+        {name} = (PyListObject*) (py_{name});
+        """.format(**dict(name=name, fail=sub["fail"]))
         )
 
     def c_sync(self, name, sub):
         return """
-        Py_XDECREF(py_%(name)s);
-        py_%(name)s = (PyObject*)(%(name)s);
-        Py_INCREF(py_%(name)s);
-        """ % dict(name=name)
+        Py_XDECREF(py_{name});
+        py_{name} = (PyObject*)({name});
+        Py_INCREF(py_{name});
+        """.format(**dict(name=name))
 
     def c_cleanup(self, name, sub):
         return ""

tests/compile/test_debugmode.py

@@ -65,38 +65,38 @@ class BROKEN_ON_PURPOSE_Add(COp):
         a, b = inp
         (z,) = out
         return """
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(a)s) != 1) {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(a) != 1"); %(fail)s;}
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(b)s) != 1) {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(b) != 1"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({a}) != 1) {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(a) != 1"); {fail};}}
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({b}) != 1) {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(b) != 1"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DESCR(%(a)s)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a dtype not NPY_DOUBLE"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DESCR({a})->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a dtype not NPY_DOUBLE"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DESCR(%(b)s)->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b's dtype not NPY_DOUBLE"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DESCR({b})->type_num != NPY_DOUBLE)
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b's dtype not NPY_DOUBLE"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DIMS(%(a)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0])
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a and b have different lengths"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DIMS({a})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[0])
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a and b have different lengths"); {fail};}}
 
-        if ((!%(z)s)
-            || (PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0])
+        if ((!{z})
+            || (PyArray_DIMS({z})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[0])
             )
-        {
-            {Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);}
-            npy_intp dims[] = {0};
-            dims[0] = PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0];
-            %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(1, dims, PyArray_DESCR(%(b)s)->type_num);
-        }
-
-        {
-            for (npy_intp m = 0; m < PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[0]; ++m)
-            {
-                ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1(%(z)s, m))[0]
+        {{
+            {{Py_XDECREF({z});}}
+            npy_intp dims[] = {{0}};
+            dims[0] = PyArray_DIMS({b})[0];
+            {z} = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(1, dims, PyArray_DESCR({b})->type_num);
+        }}
+
+        {{
+            for (npy_intp m = 0; m < PyArray_DIMS({z})[0]; ++m)
+            {{
+                ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1({z}, m))[0]
                 = 0.5
-                + ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1(%(a)s, m))[0]
-                + ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1(%(b)s, m))[0] ;
-            }
-        }
-        """ % dict(locals(), **sub)
+                + ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1({a}, m))[0]
+                + ((double*)PyArray_GETPTR1({b}, m))[0] ;
+            }}
+        }}
+        """.format(**dict(locals(), **sub))
 
 
 # inconsistent is a invalid op, whose perform and c_code do not match
@@ -634,63 +634,63 @@ class BrokenCImplementationAdd(COp):
         debug = 0
         return """
         //printf("executing c_code\\n");
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(a)s) != 2) {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(a) != 2"); %(fail)s;}
-        if (PyArray_NDIM(%(b)s) != 2) {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(b) != 2"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({a}) != 2) {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(a) != 2"); {fail};}}
+        if (PyArray_NDIM({b}) != 2) {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "rank(b) != 2"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DESCR(%(a)s)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT)
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a dtype not NPY_FLOAT"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DESCR({a})->type_num != NPY_FLOAT)
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a dtype not NPY_FLOAT"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DESCR(%(b)s)->type_num != NPY_FLOAT)
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b's dtype not NPY_FLOAT"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DESCR({b})->type_num != NPY_FLOAT)
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b's dtype not NPY_FLOAT"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DIMS(%(a)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(a)s)[1])
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a is not square"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DIMS({a})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({a})[1])
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a is not square"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[1])
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b is not square"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DIMS({b})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[1])
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "b is not square"); {fail};}}
 
-        if (PyArray_DIMS(%(a)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0])
-        {PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a and b have different dimensions"); %(fail)s;}
+        if (PyArray_DIMS({a})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[0])
+        {{PyErr_SetString(PyExc_NotImplementedError, "a and b have different dimensions"); {fail};}}
 
         // We do not check for c_contiguous property here
-        if (%(debug)s)
-        {
-            if (!%(z)s)
-                printf("%(z)s is not there, %%p \\n", %(z)s);
-            else if (PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0])
-                printf("Dimension 0 mismatch for %(z)s and %(b)s\\n");
-            else if (PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[1] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[1])
-                printf("Dimension 1 mismatch for %(z)s and %(b)s\\n");
+        if ({debug})
+        {{
+            if (!{z})
+                printf("{z} is not there, %p \\n", {z});
+            else if (PyArray_DIMS({z})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[0])
+                printf("Dimension 0 mismatch for {z} and {b}\\n");
+            else if (PyArray_DIMS({z})[1] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[1])
+                printf("Dimension 1 mismatch for {z} and {b}\\n");
             else
-                printf("Reusing %(z)s\\n");
-        }
+                printf("Reusing {z}\\n");
+        }}
 
-        if ((!%(z)s)
-            || (PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[0] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0])
-            || (PyArray_DIMS(%(z)s)[1] != PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[1])
+        if ((!{z})
+            || (PyArray_DIMS({z})[0] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[0])
+            || (PyArray_DIMS({z})[1] != PyArray_DIMS({b})[1])
             )
-        {
-            Py_XDECREF(%(z)s);
-            npy_intp dims[] = {0, 0};
-            dims[0] = PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0];
-            dims[1] = PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[1];
-            %(z)s = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(2, dims, PyArray_DESCR(%(b)s)->type_num);
-        }
-
-        // Let us assume that %(z)s is c_contiguous
-        {
-            dtype_%(z)s * z = ((dtype_%(z)s*)(PyArray_GETPTR2(%(z)s,0,0)));
-            for (int i=0; i<PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[0]; i++)
-            {
-                for (int j=0; j<PyArray_DIMS(%(b)s)[1]; j++)
-                {
-                    *z = ((float*)PyArray_GETPTR2(%(a)s, i, j))[0] +
-                         ((float*)PyArray_GETPTR2(%(b)s, i, j))[0] ;
+        {{
+            Py_XDECREF({z});
+            npy_intp dims[] = {{0, 0}};
+            dims[0] = PyArray_DIMS({b})[0];
+            dims[1] = PyArray_DIMS({b})[1];
+            {z} = (PyArrayObject*) PyArray_SimpleNew(2, dims, PyArray_DESCR({b})->type_num);
+        }}
+
+        // Let us assume that {z} is c_contiguous
+        {{
+            dtype_{z} * z = ((dtype_{z}*)(PyArray_GETPTR2({z},0,0)));
+            for (int i=0; i<PyArray_DIMS({b})[0]; i++)
+            {{
+                for (int j=0; j<PyArray_DIMS({b})[1]; j++)
+                {{
+                    *z = ((float*)PyArray_GETPTR2({a}, i, j))[0] +
+                         ((float*)PyArray_GETPTR2({b}, i, j))[0] ;
                     z++;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        """ % dict(locals(), **sub)
+                }}
+            }}
+        }}
+        """.format(**dict(locals(), **sub))
 
 
 class VecAsRowAndCol(Op):